1-Hexadecanol (CETYL ALCOHOL)
Commonly Found In
Overview
CETYL ALCOHOL is a saturated fatty alcohol with a 16-carbon chain (C16H33OH) derived from palmitic acid. Despite being called an 'alcohol,' it is chemically and functionally very different from drying alcohols like ethanol. It appears as white flakes or pellets and functions as an emollient, emulsion stabilizer, thickener, and opacifier in cosmetic formulations. Cetyl alcohol provides a lightweight, non-greasy texture and is particularly popular in lighter creams, lotions, and hair conditioners.
Also known as: 1-Hexadecanol, Palmityl Alcohol, C16 Alcohol, Crodacol C-95
Key Benefits
Studies suggest cetyl alcohol may help improve skin moisture retention and provide a smooth, non-greasy texture in formulations. As an emollient and thickener, clinical evidence from CIR indicates it is safe and effective in supporting hydration through improved product spreadability and occlusion.
Supporting Research
- β’ CIR Expert Panel β safety assessment of cetyl alcohol confirming emollient and moisturizing properties
Skin Compatibility Ratings
Comedogenic Rating
Rated 2 on rabbit ear assay; considered low comedogenic risk at typical use concentrations by most dermatologists
Source: Kligman & Mills comedogenicity scale
Irritancy Rating
Non-irritating fatty alcohol; creates lighter textures than stearyl alcohol. Not a sensitizer at cosmetic concentrations.
Source: CIR Expert Panel Final Report
Typical Use Concentration
Range
1β15%
Optimal
2β8%
Used at 2β8% in lotions, 3β10% in creams, 1β4% in hair conditioners, 5β15% in lipsticks.
Works Well With / Avoid
Works Well With
Creates lighter textures than stearyl alcohol (C18); preferred for summer or lightweight formulations. Works with both anionic and cationic emulsifiers. Melting point 49β50Β°C provides structure to emulsions.
Commonly Found In
Global Regulation Summary
Overview of current status across major international markets.
Detailed Regional Status
| Region | Status | Max Conc. | Conditions | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| πͺπΊ EU | Allowed | - | - | Official β |
| πΊπΈ USA | Allowed | - | - | Official β |
| π―π΅ Japan | Allowed | - | - | Official β |
| π°π· Korea | Allowed | - | - | Official β |
| π¬π§ UK | Allowed | - | - | Official β |
π Why Regulations Differ
Cetyl alcohol is permitted in all major cosmetic markets without concentration restrictions. The CIR has repeatedly reviewed and reconfirmed its safety for cosmetic use. No significant regulatory divergence between markets.
Regulation Analysis
Category Comparison
91% of EMULSION STABILISING ingredients (32 of 35) are banned in the EU, but this one is approved.
πΏ Natural Sources
Cetyl alcohol is derived from palmitic acid (C16 fatty acid), which is abundantly found in palm oil (Elaeis guineensis, containing 44% palmitic acid) and palm kernel oil (8% palmitic acid). Other natural sources include coconut oil (Cocos nucifera, 9% palmitic acid), soybean oil (11% palmitic acid), and animal fats such as tallow (28% palmitic acid), though plant sources dominate modern cosmetic production. Historically, cetyl alcohol was first isolated from spermaceti, the waxy substance found in the head of sperm whales, which gave it the name 'cetyl' from the Latin 'cetus' (whale). Today, all cosmetic-grade cetyl alcohol is derived from plant oils.
π How It's Made
Cetyl alcohol is produced through a two-step industrial process: (1) Extraction/separation: Palmitic acid (C16) is obtained from plant oils through hydrolysis or saponification. Triglycerides are broken down into free fatty acids using high-pressure steam (250Β°C, 50 bar) or alkaline hydrolysis. The fatty acid mixture is then fractionated through distillation or crystallization to isolate palmitic acid. (2) Hydrogenation: Palmitic acid is converted to cetyl alcohol through catalytic hydrogenation. The carboxylic acid group (-COOH) is reduced to a primary alcohol group (-CH2OH) using hydrogen gas at high temperature (250-300Β°C) and pressure (200-300 bar) with a metal catalyst, typically copper chromite (Cu2Cr2O5) or nickel. The reaction is: C15H31COOH + 2H2 β C16H33OH + H2O. Modern production increasingly uses renewable catalysts and 'green hydrogen' to reduce environmental impact. The final product is purified through distillation and crystallization to achieve >95% purity.
π Uses in Cosmetics
Used in lotions (2-8%), creams (3-10%), hair conditioners (1-4%), lipsticks (5-15%), and foundations (2-6%). Despite its name, it's a moisturizing ingredient β not a drying alcohol like ethanol. It gives products a smooth, creamy feel.
π¬ Other Applications
Used in pharmaceutical creams, ointments, and tablet coatings. Also found in food products like chewing gum bases. Functions as a lubricant in industrial processes.
π‘ Fun Facts
- β’ First discovered in 1817 from whale oil β the name 'cetyl' comes from the Latin word for whale. Today, it's entirely plant-derived
- β’ Despite having 'alcohol' in the name, it doesn't dry skin like ethanol does. It's actually a moisturizing ingredient
- β’ Creates lighter, less waxy textures in products compared to stearyl alcohol, making it ideal for light lotions and summer skincare
Related Skin Concerns
Data Sources
- β’ CIR Expert Panel Final Report on cetyl alcohol
- β’ EU CosIng database
- β’ FDA cosmetic ingredient database
- β’ Japan MHLW cosmetic ingredient database
Last data verification: 2026-04-12
Related Ingredients
Cetostearyl Alcohol
CETEARYL ALCOHOL
1-Octadecanol
STEARYL ALCOHOL
COCAMIDE DEA
LANOLINAMIDE DEA
ALUMINUM STEARATE
BENTONITE
Learn More
Frequently Asked Questions
What is CETYL ALCOHOL used for in cosmetics?
CETYL ALCOHOL is primarily used for emulsion stabilising in cosmetic products. It also serves as emollient, opacifying. The ingredient is commonly found in various cosmetic and personal care products.
Which countries regulate CETYL ALCOHOL?
CETYL ALCOHOL is approved for cosmetic use in all major markets: EU, JP, US, UK, KR, with no significant restrictions.
Where can I find official regulation information about CETYL ALCOHOL?
Official information about CETYL ALCOHOL regulations can be found on government websites: EU CosIng database, US FDA Cosmetics page, Japan MHLW cosmetics standards, UK Government cosmetics guidance, and Korea MFDS. Always verify regulatory status with these official sources before making formulation decisions.
Disclaimer
The information on this website is for educational and informational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice. While we strive for accuracy based on official government databases, cosmetic regulations change frequently. Always consult with a qualified professional or refer to the latest official regulatory documents for compliance. We are not responsible for any actions taken based on the information provided here.