CITRIC ACID
Commonly Found In
Overview
CITRIC ACID is a naturally occurring alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) derived primarily from citrus fruits or produced via microbial fermentation, used in cosmetics primarily as a pH adjuster and buffering agent. As a chelating agent, it helps stabilize cosmetic formulations by binding metal ions; at higher concentrations (5β15%), it also functions as a mild exfoliant that may help promote skin cell turnover. Its use in cosmetic products is permitted across all major markets, with some regional guidelines on pH levels for leave-on AHA formulations to prevent irritation. Given its large molecular size compared to glycolic or lactic acid, citric acid penetrates skin more slowly and is generally considered milder at equivalent concentrations.
Also known as: Citric Acid, 2-Hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic Acid, E330 (food additive)
Key Benefits
At low concentrations (0.1β2%), studies suggest citric acid primarily functions as a pH stabilizer that helps maintain the optimal acidic environment for skin care actives. At higher concentrations (5β15%), clinical evidence indicates it may produce mild exfoliation and may help improve skin texture over time.
Supporting Research
- β’ Van Scott & Yu (1974) β original AHA studies documenting citric acid's mild exfoliating activity (Arch Dermatol)
- β’ CIR Expert Panel β safety assessment of citric acid in cosmetics
Skin Compatibility Ratings
Comedogenic Rating
Non-comedogenic; widely used across product types including acne formulations
Source: CIR Expert Panel; cosmetic dermatology consensus
Irritancy Rating
Low irritancy at pH-adjustment concentrations. At high concentrations in low-pH formulations, mild stinging may occur. The large molecular size provides lower skin penetration than glycolic acid.
Source: CIR Expert Panel; AHA literature
Typical Use Concentration
Range
0.1β15%
Optimal
0.1β2% for pH adjustment; 5β15% for exfoliation
EU guidelines recommend AHA-containing leave-on products state 'Contains AHA' and suggest maximum pH of 3.5 for consumer products. Japan allows use as cosmetic ingredient.
Works Well With / Avoid
Works Well With
Use With Caution
Primarily used to adjust product pH to skin-compatible range (4.5β5.5). At high concentrations acts as mild AHA. Chelates metal ions helping preserve formulation stability. Food additive status (E330) provides extensive safety data.
Commonly Found In
Global Regulation Summary
Overview of current status across major international markets.
Detailed Regional Status
| Region | Status | Max Conc. | Conditions | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| πͺπΊ EU | Allowed | - | - | Official β |
| πΊπΈ USA | Allowed | - | - | Official β |
| π―π΅ Japan | Allowed | - | - | Official β |
| π°π· Korea | Unknown | - | - | Official β |
| π¬π§ UK | Banned | - | Follows EU regulations (V/59) | Official β |
π Why Regulations Differ
Citric acid is permitted across all major markets. As an AHA at higher concentrations, EU guidance (SCCS) recommends labeling requirements for products with >6% AHA at pH <3.5. The US allows AHA use in cosmetics under existing guidelines. The food additive history (E330) provides an extensive cross-sector safety record.
Regulation Analysis
Regional Agreement
Banned in UK but allowed in EU, USA, Japan.
Category Comparison
There are 41 ingredients in the BUFFERING category. 100% are banned in at least one major market.
Strictness Ranking
πΏ Natural Sources
Found in citrus fruits (lemons contain 5-8%, limes 6-8%), berries, pineapples, and tomatoes. Also produced by Aspergillus niger fungus during fermentation.
π How It's Made
Commercially produced through industrial fermentation of molasses or glucose using Aspergillus niger. Over 2 million tons produced annually worldwide. Discovered in lemon juice by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1784.
π Uses in Cosmetics
Used at 0.1-2% to adjust the acidity (pH) of cosmetic products. At higher concentrations (5-15%), it works as a gentle exfoliant that helps remove dead skin cells. It has a larger molecule than glycolic acid, making it milder on skin.
π¬ Other Applications
Used as food additive E330 (most widely used food acidulant), in soft drinks, candy, jams. Used in pharmaceuticals, cleaning products, and as a water softener.
π‘ Fun Facts
- β’ First isolated from lemon juice in 1784 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who also discovered oxygen
- β’ Global production switched from citrus extraction to fungal fermentation in the early 1900s, making it much cheaper
- β’ It's both a food additive (E330) and a cosmetic ingredient, one of the few chemicals ubiquitous in both industries
Related Skin Concerns
Data Sources
- β’ CIR Expert Panel safety assessment of citric acid
- β’ EU CosIng database
- β’ FDA cosmetic ingredient database
- β’ SCCS guidelines on AHA cosmetics
- β’ Van Scott & Yu, Arch Dermatol 1974;110(4):586-590
Last data verification: 2026-04-12
Related Ingredients
AMMONIA
TRIETHANOLAMINE
ACETALDEHYDE
BENZOIC ACID
BUTYLPARABEN
CALCIUM CARBONATE
Learn More
Frequently Asked Questions
What is CITRIC ACID used for in cosmetics?
CITRIC ACID is primarily used for buffering in cosmetic products. It also serves as chelating, fragrance. The ingredient is commonly found in various cosmetic and personal care products.
Which countries regulate CITRIC ACID?
CITRIC ACID is banned in UK. The ingredient is freely allowed in EU, JP, US.
Are there alternatives to CITRIC ACID?
Due to regulatory restrictions on CITRIC ACID, cosmetic manufacturers often use alternative ingredients with similar functions. For buffering, alternatives may include other approved ingredients in the same category. Consult product labels for specific formulations, and look for products compliant with your region's regulations.
Where can I find official regulation information about CITRIC ACID?
Official information about CITRIC ACID regulations can be found on government websites: EU CosIng database, US FDA Cosmetics page, Japan MHLW cosmetics standards, UK Government cosmetics guidance, and Korea MFDS. Always verify regulatory status with these official sources before making formulation decisions.
Disclaimer
The information on this website is for educational and informational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice. While we strive for accuracy based on official government databases, cosmetic regulations change frequently. Always consult with a qualified professional or refer to the latest official regulatory documents for compliance. We are not responsible for any actions taken based on the information provided here.