GERANIOL
Commonly Found In
Overview
Geraniol is a naturally occurring acyclic monoterpene alcohol abundant in palmarosa, rose, and geranium essential oils, widely used as a fragrance ingredient for its sweet, rose-geranium character with citrus and floral notes. It is a mandatory EU labeling allergen in cosmetics above 0.001% in leave-on products (Annex III/78). Sensitization rates are approximately 1β2% in the general population, placing it in the moderate-allergenicity range among the 26 EU-regulated fragrance allergens. It is also notable as the principal component of honeybee Nasonov pheromone. The US and Japan permit use without specific labeling requirements.
Also known as: Geraniol, trans-Geraniol, Lemonol, 3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol
Key Benefits
Studies suggest geraniol may contribute mild antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties at higher concentrations; its primary cosmetic value is as a fragrance ingredient rather than a direct skin treatment.
Skin Compatibility Ratings
Comedogenic Rating
Non-comedogenic; volatile terpene alcohol that evaporates from skin surface.
Source: SCCS/1560/15
Irritancy Rating
Sensitization rate approximately 1β2% in general population; moderate allergenicity among EU-regulated fragrance allergens; EU mandatory label disclosure required above 0.001% (leave-on)
Source: EU SCCS fragrance allergen opinions; CIR Expert Panel
Typical Use Concentration
Range
0.001β3%
Optimal
0.01β1% in fragrance blends
EU mandatory labeling above 0.001% (leave-on) / 0.01% (rinse-off). IFRA concentration limits apply by product category.
Works Well With / Avoid
Works Well With
Use With Caution
EU mandatory label disclosure (Annex III/78) above 0.001% in leave-on products. IFRA provides concentration limits by product category. Geraniol is a structural isomer of nerol; both contribute to rose-type fragrances.
Commonly Found In
Global Regulation Summary
Overview of current status across major international markets.
Detailed Regional Status
| Region | Status | Max Conc. | Conditions | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| πͺπΊ EU | Banned | - | - | Official β |
| πΊπΈ USA | Allowed | - | - | Official β |
| π―π΅ Japan | Allowed | - | - | Official β |
| π°π· Korea | Unknown | - | - | Official β |
| π¬π§ UK | Restricted | - | Follows EU regulations (III/78) | Official β |
π Why Regulations Differ
The EU requires mandatory label disclosure of geraniol (Annex III/78) as part of the 26 fragrance allergen labeling regime; it is not prohibited. The 'banned' database status reflects the Annex III restricted classification. The US (RIFM/CIR) and Japan do not require specific labeling for geraniol. IFRA provides voluntary concentration guidance internationally.
Regulation Analysis
Regional Agreement
Banned in EU but allowed in USA, Japan.
Category Comparison
There are 219 ingredients in the PERFUMING category. 100% are banned in at least one major market.
Strictness Ranking
πΏ Natural Sources
Major component of rose oil (15-30%), palmarosa oil (70-85%), geranium oil (15-30%), and citronella oil (20-25%). Also found in lemongrass (10-15%), coriander, lemon, nutmeg, and hundreds of other essential oils and plants.
π How It's Made
Extracted from palmarosa or rose essential oils through steam distillation. Synthetically produced via several routes: from beta-pinene (pine-derived), or through myrcene hydration and isomerization. Most commercial geraniol is synthetic or semi-synthetic due to cost considerations.
π Uses in Cosmetics
Widely used fragrance component in floral, rose, and citrus perfumes and personal care products at 0.01-3% concentration. Provides sweet, rose-geranium aroma. EU Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 Annex III/78 requires labeling above 0.001% (leave-on) or 0.01% (rinse-off). Also has tonic properties in skincare.
π¬ Other Applications
Approved food flavoring (FDA safety approval). Natural insect repellent, particularly effective against mosquitoes. Has demonstrated antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties in research. Used in household products, candles, and aromatherapy. Investigated for pharmaceutical applications including neuroprotection.
π‘ Fun Facts
- β’ One of the 26 EU mandatory-labeling fragrance allergens since 2003, listed in Annex III/78.
- β’ Sensitization rates are approximately 1-2% in the general population, higher among individuals with fragrance allergies.
- β’ Naturally produced by honeybees in their Nasonov pheromone to mark food sources and guide other bees to flowers.
Related Skin Concerns
Data Sources
- β’ EU CosIng database (Annex III/78)
- β’ SCCS fragrance allergen opinions
- β’ CIR Expert Panel β geraniol safety assessment
- β’ IFRA Standards
Last data verification: 2026-04-16
Related Ingredients
EUGENOL
ABIES ALBA CONE EXTRACT
BENZYL ALCOHOL
CEDRUS ATLANTICA BARK OIL
CINNAMAL
CITRAL
Learn More
Frequently Asked Questions
Why is GERANIOL banned in the EU but allowed in the US?
The EU follows a precautionary principle, banning GERANIOL under III/78 due to potential safety concerns. The US FDA has not found sufficient evidence to prohibit its use, allowing it under different safety assessment standards. This reflects differing regulatory philosophies between the two regions.
Why is GERANIOL banned in the EU but allowed in Japan?
The EU prohibits GERANIOL (III/78) based on their strict safety criteria. Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) has evaluated the ingredient and permits its use, potentially with different safety data or usage conditions.
What is GERANIOL used for in cosmetics?
GERANIOL is primarily used for perfuming in cosmetic products. It also serves as tonic. The ingredient is commonly found in various cosmetic and personal care products.
Which countries regulate GERANIOL?
GERANIOL is banned in EU. It has concentration limits or usage restrictions in UK. The ingredient is freely allowed in JP, US.
Are there alternatives to GERANIOL?
Due to regulatory restrictions on GERANIOL, cosmetic manufacturers often use alternative ingredients with similar functions. For perfuming, alternatives may include other approved ingredients in the same category. Consult product labels for specific formulations, and look for products compliant with your region's regulations.
Disclaimer
The information on this website is for educational and informational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice. While we strive for accuracy based on official government databases, cosmetic regulations change frequently. Always consult with a qualified professional or refer to the latest official regulatory documents for compliance. We are not responsible for any actions taken based on the information provided here.