Preservative

Preservatives prevent the growth of bacteria, mold, and yeast in cosmetic products, which could cause infections or product spoilage. Water-containing products are particularly susceptible to microbial contamination. Without preservatives, products would have very short shelf lives and pose safety risks.

Not all parabens are banned. The EU restricts certain parabens (methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben) to specific maximum concentrations and prohibits five longer-chain parabens (isopropylparaben, isobutylparaben, phenylparaben, benzylparaben, pentylparaben). The US does not restrict parabens in cosmetics at the federal level.

Common paraben alternatives include phenoxyethanol, ethylhexylglycerin, benzyl alcohol, sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, and methylisothiazolinone (MIT). Each has its own regulatory profile and concentration limits. Phenoxyethanol, for example, is permitted in the EU at up to 1% and in Japan at up to 1%. Formulators often combine multiple preservatives at lower concentrations to achieve broad-spectrum protection.